Long-term forecasting of nitrogen dioxide ambient levels in metropolitan areas using the discrete-time Markov model

Air pollution management and control are key factors in maintaining sustainable societies. Air quality forecasting may significantly advance these tasks. While short-term forecasting, a few days into the future, is a well-established research domain, there is no method for long-term forecasting (e.g., the pollution level distribution in the upcoming months or years). This paper introduces and defines long-term air pollution forecasting, where long-term refers to estimating pollution levels in the next few months or years. A Discrete-Time-Markov-based model for forecasting ambient nitrogen oxides patterns is presented. The model accurately forecasts overall pollution level distributions, and the expectancy for tomorrow's pollution level given today's level, based on longitudinal historical data. It thus characterizes the temporal behavior of pollution. The model was applied to five distinctive regions in Israel and Australia and was compared against several forecasting methods and was shown to provide better results with a relatively lower total error rate.