Fast matrix multiplication: Limitations of the Coppersmith-Winograd method

Until a few years ago, the fastest known matrix multiplication algorithm, due to Coppersmith and Winograd (1990), ran in time O(n^2.3755). Recently, a surge of activity by Stothers, Vassilevska-Williams, and Le Gall has led to an improved algorithm running in time O(n ' ). These algorithms are obtained by analyzing higher and higher tensor powers of a certain identity of Coppersmith and Winograd. We show that this exact approach cannot result in an algorithm with running time O(n^2.3725), and identify a wide class of variants of this approach which cannot result in an algorithm with running time O(n^2.3078); in particular, this approach cannot prove the conjecture that for every ∈ > 0, two n × n matrices can be multiplied in time O(n^2+∈). We describe a new framework extending the original laser method, which is the method underlying the previously mentioned algorithms. Our framework accommodates the algorithms by Coppersmith and Winograd, Stothers, Vassilevska-Williams and Le Gall. We obtain our main result by analyzing this framework. The framework also explains why taking tensor powers of the Coppersmith-Winograd identity results in faster algorithms.